In spite of the linguistic similarities of the Slavic languages in culture, religion, history, and political tradition, these countries and peoples have followed different paths—paths that have frequently crossed in the creation and disintegration of empires in the constantly changing political landscape of Eastern Europe.
Most students who take these courses start as beginners, although there is also a rich variety of offerings at the intermediate and advanced levels. Russian offers the greatest diversity in course offerings, but the other Slavic languages are well represented. Many students are attracted to the combination of Russian or another language with literature, history, government, economics, social studies, mathematics, or science; in fact, students from virtually every concentration available at Harvard are found in the department's classes.
In spite of the difficulty of these languages, students can attain a rewarding level of fluency in just a few semesters of study. Russia has the highest number of Slavs, million.
Russians in the country form the ethnic majority. There are over 57 million Poles and Ukrainians each living in Poland and Ukraine respectively.
Macedonia and Montenegro account for the least number of Slavs, 2. Protestants, atheists, and Muslims make the religious minority among the Slavs. Religion plays a key role in the alphabet used in the Slavic language.
The Bosniaks, mainly Muslims, also use the Latin alphabet. Today, many Slavs follow the Christian faith. Most Slavs in the eastern and southern Slavic countries are Eastern Orthodox, while residents of the western and southwestern Slavic countries are Roman Catholic.
Minority religious groups among Slavs include atheists , Muslims and Protestants. The dominant religion in a Slavic country typically influences the alphabet used by its people. Proto-Slavic is thus likely to have reached its final stage in the Kiev area; there is, however, substantial disagreement in the scientific community over the identity of the Kiev culture's predecessors, with some scholars tracing it from the "Belarusian" Milograd culture, others from the "Ukrainian" Chernoles and Zarubintsy cultures and still others from the "Polish" Przeworsk culture.
The Kiev culture was overrun by the Huns around AD, which may have triggered the Proto-Slavic expansion to the historical locations of the Slavic languages. Slavs in the historical period. Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans and Celts in the 5th and 6th centuries AD necessitated by the onslaught of people from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Odra and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans ; and northward along the upper Dnieper river.
When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and defense force. Moreover, there were the beginnings of class differentiation, with nobles who pledged allegiance to the Frankish and Holy Roman Emperors.
In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler.
Karantania in today's Austria and Slovenia was one Slavic state; very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality see under Great Moravia. In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars and Romanians, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs.
In the early history of South Slavs, and continuing into the Dark Ages, non-Slavic groups were sometimes dissimilated by Slavic-speaking populations: the Bulgars became Slavicized and their Turkic tongue disappeared; in a similar manner the ancient Pre-Slavic Croats from the Azov Sea at Tanais by their migration since 8th century also became Slavicized and their early Indo-Iranian tongue then mostly disappeared except some archaisms in dialects.
In other cases, Slavs themselves assimilated other groups such as the Romanians , Magyars , Greeks , Italians , etc.
Apart from the Illyrians who inhabited the Balkans, the Croats also partly merged with the Alans, and the Serbs are speculated to have assimiliated a tribe of the Sarmatians called the Serboi, later merged with the Celts. Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and didn't find support in all nations that had Slavic origins.
Pan-Slavism became compromised when Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles or Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc Warsaw Pact was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians, and as such despised by the rest of the conquered nations.
A notable political union of the 20th century that covered many South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it broke apart as well. In the course of their history, many Slavic-speaking communities came under foreign rule for longer or shorter periods.
Poland underwent partition, German-speaking empires appeared to absorb the Czechs for many centuries, and the Ottomans in their hey-day dominated the Slavs. The Slavs living in Brandenburg and Pomerania were exterminated or assimilated by Germans in the course of the Drang nach Osten ; Turkish incursions suppressed the regional hegemonies of Bulgarian and Serbian speakers; Poland suffered decline, partition and extinction as a separate national state in the 18th century.
Until the 20th century, certain speech-groups such as speakers of Slovenian lacked the resources to establish their own distinctive independent nation-states. Other communities speakers of Sorbian or of Kashubian, for example remain as minorities in the current system of nation-states. A political division Austria, Kingdom of Hungary also marks the now well-established border between the Slovenian and Croatian language areas, even if some bordering dialects of the two languages indicate an almost smooth transition.
Despite their frequent lack of political power, Slavs demonstrated resilience, sometimes culturally taking over foreign political rulers, as in Bulgaria, where originally Turkic Bulgar overlords became Slavicized. Similarly, in the Republic of Dubrovnik, Croatian became an official language in parallel to Ragusan Dalmatian and Latin. In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a Ruthenian dialect was an official language.
Nazi Germany, whose proponents claimed a racial superiority for the Germanic people, particularly over Semitic and Slavic people, plotted an enslavement of the Slavic people, and the reduction of their numbers by killing the majority of the population. Slavs gradually adopted Christianity between 6th and 10th century, and consequently the old Slavic religion was suppressed. The delineations by nationality can be very sharp. In many Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion, although many are atheist or agnostic; in the latter cases people still may traditionally associate themselves with a particular religion in a cultural and historical sense.
There is also a Latinic script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.
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