Orange Tortrix Moth Argyrotaenia franciscana Argyrotaenia franciscana. Gloveria arizonensis Gloveria arizonensis. Chionodes abella Chionodes abella. Carried by Prune in winter when wood boring insects are less active. For propagating by seed: Fresh seeds need no treatment; 1wk.
Stored seeds wks. Annual Precipitation: Back Print. Sources include: Wikipedia. Plant observation data provided by the participants of the California Consortia of Herbaria , Sunset information provided by Jepson Flora Project.
Sources of plant photos include CalPhotos , Wikimedia Commons , and independent plant photographers who have agreed to share their images with Calscape.
Best planted in the early spring or fall, Monterey pine trees grow rapidly, adding upwards of 36 inches a year in height and reaching over feet tall at maturity. In fact, they're the most rapidly growing pine trees in the world. Their needles are dark green and glossy but may appear to be more blue-green on older trees. The bark of the tree ranges from reddish-brown to black and features deep furrows and a rough texture.
Monterey pine trees have ornamental value, too—in California, they are one of the most popular varieties of Christmas trees , thanks to their full and lush appearance. The tree is called Monterey pine in the U. Still, since the Bay Area is not as well known outside of the U. Monterey pine trees are easy to care for and quick to grow, making them useful as a landscape tree in many locations. In its young form, a Monterey pine tree has a nice pyramid shape, but as it grows taller, the canopy tends to flatten out.
The wind may also transform the branches into various shapes, especially in coastal areas or on windy mountaintops. The trees also self-seed and may become invasive in some areas. Monterey pine trees can live to be as old as 90 and serve as an important habitat and food resource for wildlife.
Birds, rodents, and mammals all eat their needles, branches, bark, and seeds, as well as the many insects they attract. Like the pond pine tree Pinus serotina , the Monterey pine tree is serotinous, meaning the nuts need a heat source to be released. Once free from the tree, the nuts can be collected and ground into flour or eaten raw. They were a vital food source for early Western settlers—in very harsh winters, the inner bark of the tree could also serve as emergency food, and the tree's needles could be brewed into a tea that was rich in vitamin C.
Pine resin discharge from the tree was also used well into the 20th century for various medicinal purposes, including treating burns and open wounds. Monterey pine trees can grow in a range of full sun to partial shade locations.
The minimum relative humidity at Monterey in July, for example, averages between 60 and 70 percent At least one-third of the days each year are foggy Mean monthly temperatures show a relatively even climate with a difference between the coldest and warmest month of about 6.
Frost-free days number about each year. Annual precipitation ranges from about to mm 15 to 35 in and varies from year to year. From December to March, precipitation averages to mm 12 to 20 in , with less than 50 mm 2 in per month for the remaining months.
Rain usually does not fall in July and August. During these months, however, the tree crowns collect moisture from fog that moves inland. Fog drip can amount to as much as 15 mm 0. No snow falls in the natural range of Monterey pine. Wind is, at best, a minor climatic influence, averaging only 7.
May is the windiest month, August the least windy The climate of Guadalupe and Cedros Islands is Mediterranean-like, possibly with less rainfall and greater temperature extremes than for mainland stands.
Fog is a critical factor and, on both islands, pine stands are restricted to foggy ridges and windward slopes, or occasionally to the moist slopes of deep canyons.
On Cedros Island, fog was most frequent and of maximum concentration where the pines grew, and each pine grove tended to be covered with fog while the desert between was exposed to clear sky In spite of a small and narrow natural range, Monterey pine grows on soils that are derived from a variety of parent materials. At Monterey, these rocks and granite are present, and at Cambria, parent materials are limestones, sandstones, cherts, and slates.
Monterey pine is found on soils of four orders. Ultisols are next in extent and are represented by an Albaquult Narlon series. The Entisol order is represented by one soil series, a Xeropsamment Tangair series , and the Alfisol order by a Palexeralf Tierra series.
Most soils are deep sandy loams, often derived from marine sediments. A thick accumulation of organic material is common beneath Monterey pine stands on good sites. The 8- to cm 3- to 6-in layer of organic material stores many times its weight in water and is a modest reservoir for nutrients.
Most soils are found on sloping ground and are reasonably well drained, at least down to a clay layer at the to cm to in depth. The clay layer is of critical importance. Pine roots generally do not extend far into this layer, but many penetrate for a short distance. Such roots have been observed to be well inoculated with mycorrhizae Another common attribute of soils supporting Monterey pine is that soil pH generally is acid, even extremely acid.
Acidity often is high at or just above the clay layer. The combination of poor drainage and high acidity seems to enhance mycorrhizal formation. The clay layer, then, intercepts winter rains and forms a reservoir of water that is available for most of the year.
Mycorrhizae on roots at or in the clay layer enhance the nutrient- and water-gathering capability of the pines. Of the seven most common mycorrhizal species that colonize the roots of Monterey pine seedlings in nurseries, Rhizopogon rubescens and R. In general, the topography on which Monterey pine grows is hilly and gently to moderately sloping. With one possible exception in the Santa Lucia Mountains, elevations range from sea level to about m 1, ft.
At the three mainland elevations, the most extensive stands are found on modest slopes or gently rolling terrain between the ocean and steeper inland hills. On Guadalupe and Cedros Islands, stands are found on gentle to steep slopes at elevational ranges of to m to 3, ft on Guadalupe, and to m to 2, ft on Cedros Limitations in habitat at each location probably contribute to the areal extent of the Monterey pine stands.
At Monterey, lower rainfall together with differences in soil depth, texture, and location of clay layer could govern distribution. At Cambria, climate and soil mandate a shift from trees to grass and shrubs. Among the three mainland areas, where genetically controlled differences in tolerance to cold have been noted, the tolerance decreases from north to south Recently, analyses of satellite photos taken over several years have shown that the present groves of closed-cone pines "are all at centers of high fog concentrations" 3.
For the three mainland areas, the factor limiting the natural range of Monterey pine at its eastern boundary could be fog, but fog does not sufficiently explain the abrupt northern and southern termination of the pines' natural range. Farther south on Guadalupe and Cedros Islands, absence of fog appears to limit the distribution of the species.
In spite of these evident limitations, the causes of restrictions on the range of Monterey pine are not clear. The fossil record, although somewhat limited, indicates that this pine once occupied a larger range during the late Pleistocene epoch, extending almost continuously along the outer coastal strip and California islands. The evidence suggests that present-day pines are survivors of an ancient oak-laurel, pine, and palm forest that grew well in a mild climate 2.
Fire is a major influence affecting the extent and makeup of Monterey pine stands. Fire is frequent, sometimes of natural causes, often accidental, and sometimes deliberately set. Graziers at Cambria, for example, burned the woods to obtain more grass. Without fire, the taller and longer-lived coast Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii var. Much regeneration and a number of even-aged stands at all three mainland locations can be traced directly to the influence of fire.
Many of the plant species associated with Monterey pine have been listed Such lists are subject to change because undisturbed stands are scarce; nearly all have been grazed, burned, or logged. Width of tree crowns varies with age, but rarely are crowns interlocking.
Monterey pine also intermingles with Douglas-fir on middle slopes and with knobcone pine and an occasional ponderosa pine on upper drier slopes, especially where the soil is shallow and rocky. On lower slopes, redwood and an occasional madrone are present. Coast live oak, usually in the understory, also is an associate species. In some places, natural regeneration of Monterey pine is prominent, particularly where disturbance has bared the soil. In places, however, understory vegetation fully occupies the ground.
In addition to young coast live oak, the most common species are bracken Pteridium aquilinum , poison-oak Toxicodendron diversilobum , coyotebrush Baccharis pilularis , blueblossom Ceanothus thyrsiflorus , California buckthorn Rhamnus californica , blackberry Rubus spp. At Monterey, tree associates are coast live oak, Monterey cypress Cupressus macrocarpa , Gowen cypress C. Coast live oak is the most common tree associate of Monterey pine.
Seldom taller than 9 m 30 ft , the oak usually is relegated to the understory. White alder Alnus rhombifolia and a species of willow Salix sp. At least one species of willow is scattered throughout the forest on higher ground. Shrubs and forbs in the Monterey forest vary with time after disturbance and general quality of the habitat. Successionally, young stands of pines, shrubs, and forbs often become established after fire.
Shaggy-bark manzanita Arctostaphylos tomentosa and California huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum are prominent with an average cover of about 50 percent. In stands of this age, poison-oak, bush monkeyflower Mimulus aurantiacus and California blackberry Rubus ursinus are present and, along with the shrubs mentioned earlier, contribute to a shrub cover of about 40 percent.
Openings form in the pine stand as the trees grow older but density remains about as before because younger age classes of pines contribute. Shrub cover continues at about 40 percent with poison-oak and creeping snowberry Symphoricarpos mollis becoming the understory dominants. In old stands where tree diameters are over cm 39 in , one or more age classes of pine are present. Coast live oak sometimes constitutes 25 to 50 percent of the trees in such stands At Cambria, tree associates of Monterey pine are limited to one hardwood: coast live oak.
On better sites, understory vegetation near the typically open pine stands includes coast live oak, bracken, California blackberry, and poison-oak. On drier sites, coast sagebrush, coyotebrush, and bush monkeyflower are present. At the edge of the pine's natural range, grasses often are the only understory plants. On Guadalupe and Cedros Islands, vegetation associated with Monterey pine is poorly known. That reported for Guadalupe Island is island live oak Quercus tomentella , Guadalupe Island palm Erythea edulis , and grasses; for Cedros, bishop pine, yucca Yucca spp.
Flowering and Fruiting- In its native habitat, Monterey pine "flowers" in late winter and early spring. The species is monoecious; the numerous yellow male strobili are produced on side branches, and female flowers are produced in all parts of the crown. Monterey pine is multi-nodal and female strobili occasionally are found at a secondary whorl position Seed Production and Dissemination- Fertile cones are produced as early as 5 to 10 years, but substantial crops are not yielded until age 15 or 20 if the trees are open-grown, and considerably later if the stands are dense.
Cones mature in the autumn of the second season and most open during the first warm days of late winter and early spring.
0コメント